Wind turbine noise: A review of measurement, modeling and mitigation strategies

Riega-Medina J.M.; Gonzalez-Rodriguez A.G.; Canziani-Amico F. · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2026) · DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.117250

Resumen

This review provides a structured and comprehensive analysis of wind turbine noise, covering the full chain from sound generation to measurement, modeling, and mitigation. Aerodynamic and mechanical noise sources are examined alongside their spectral and temporal characteristics and their implications for human perception. Standardized acoustic metrics and measurement procedures, including IEC 61400–11 and ISO 9613-2, are discussed in the context of field and wind-tunnel methodologies. The paper further reviews experimental and computational approaches, including semi-empirical models and high-fidelity simulations based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA), highlighting their capabilities and limitations for noise prediction. Existing mitigation strategies are analyzed, with emphasis on passive solutions such as aerodynamic blade modifications, porous materials, and vibration-damping systems. Despite significant progress, current approaches remain predominantly passive and often involve trade-offs with aerodynamic performance. A critical gap is identified in the limited development of active noise mitigation strategies, particularly for small and micro wind turbines operating in proximity to residential environments. While active control systems are widely used for power optimization, their application to aeroacoustic noise reduction remains largely unexplored. This review highlights the need for integrated methodologies combining measurement, modeling, and control, and outlines future directions toward adaptive, multidisciplinary solutions aimed at improving acoustic performance, social acceptance, and sustainable deployment of wind energy systems.

Instituciones: Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería