The endogenous threat: adapting the FIMI framework to analyze state-directed information manipulation in fragile democracies

Marino-Jiménez M.; Rodrich-Portugal R.; Aliaga-Lodtmann C.; Ramos-Rugel R. · Frontiers in Communication (2026) · DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2026.1739581

Resumen

Introduction – While the Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) framework traditionally addresses external threats, this article adapts it to analyze domestic political discourse. Using the 2025 annual discourse by Peruvian President Dina Boluarte as a case study, this research examines how governments may employ endogenous information manipulation and how these internal strategies challenge democratic norms. Methods – The study utilizes a qualitative-dominant, triangulated mixed-methods approach. A comprehensive discourse analysis of the presidential speech is conducted and contextually triangulated with quantitative public opinion data. Rather than measuring the direct reception or causal effects of the speech, this data is used to illustrate the contrast between official government narratives and the broader socio-political reality. Results – The research identifies a systematic pattern of endogenous information manipulation characterized by three distinct strategies: the strategic distortion of economic data to construct a narrative of success, the deployment of a victimhood narrative to deflect accountability, and the demonization of political opponents. Together, these elements construct a discursive framework that frequently coincides with institutional hostility. Discussion – The analysis indicates that threats to informational integrity are not exclusively external but can originate from within the democratic systems themselves. The article concludes that a holistic approach to democratic defense is essential. Countering both external and internal threats to informational integrity requires comprehensive strategies that strengthen media literacy, governmental transparency, and press freedom.

Instituciones: Universidad de Piura; Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola; Universidad Jaime Bausate y Meza