Technologies with greater efficiency in domestic wastewater treatment: a review of the literature

Lucia Cama Huaripoma X.; Stefanny Suyon Huamacto Y.; Alberto Castañeda Olivera C. · Proceedings of the LACCEI international Multi-conference for Engineering, Education and Technology (2026) · DOI: 10.18687/laccei2026.1.1.1831

Resumen

Increasing urbanization and demand for water resources have intensified the need for efficient technologies for domestic wastewater treatment. The present literature review evaluated the most efficient technologies in wastewater treatment, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation. Two hundred scientific articles in English from Scopus and Web of Science databases were analyzed, selecting 72 that met the established criteria. The results showed that vertical flow wetlands, using the filtration method, and biochar, using the adsorption method, are the most efficient technologies for domestic wastewater treatment. Vertical flow wetlands achieved COD, BOD and TSS removals of 97.5%, 99% and 94%, respectively, while biochar showed removal percentages in color, turbidity, phosphates and E. coli of 97.06%, 97.50%, 82.67% and 73.06%, respectively. Natural materials such as Moringa oleifera, Eichhornia crassipes and coconut shell activated carbon were identified as sustainable low-cost options. Performance varied depending on implementation scale and climatological conditions. It was concluded that these technologies offer solutions adapted to various contexts, such as decentralized systems, rural communities, and urban areas with limited sanitation infrastructure, significantly improving water quality and contributing to environmental protection.

Instituciones: Universidad César Vallejo