Single-Phase Bidirectional EV Chargers Implementing Virtual Inertia, Frequency, and Voltage Support, Using a HESS

Paucara J.D.; Pantaleon E.; Sal y Rosas D. · IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society (2025) · DOI: 10.1109/ojies.2025.3637007

Resumen

The increasing penetration of renewable energies into the power grid, predominantly interfaced through power electronic converters that lack inherent inertia, has led to significant challenges, including inertia reduction and transient voltage deviations. To address these concerns, the configuration of single-phase bidirectional electric vehicle chargers (BEVCs) into a three-phase arrangement, incorporating vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functionalities, has been identified as a promising solution. This article presents a novel control strategy to enable the provision of V2G services—including virtual inertia (VI), long-term frequency-watt support, and voltage-var regulation—in a single-phase BEVC architecture powered by a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The proposed BEVC topology consists of a dual active bridge resonant-type dc–dc converter linked to a voltage source inverter. The HESS comprises DCL capacitors and a lithium-ion battery, enabling the decoupling of the BEVC’s active power response from grid frequency disturbances. Specifically, the fast dynamic response required for VI emulation is handled by the dc-link capacitors, while the slower response associated with long-term frequency support is provided by the EV battery. As a result, the VI support is delivered without adversely affecting battery lifespan. Experimental validation using a 1.2 kW prototype demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Instituciones: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería; Universidad Tecnológica del Perú