Prevalence and Risk Factors of Respiratory Tract Infections Following Medically-Attended-Diarrhea in Children Aged 6-35 Months: Enterics for Global Health (EFGH)- Shigella Surveillance Study, 2022-2024

Bakary Conteh; Sean R. Galagan; Henry Badji; Ousman Secka; Beth Tippett Barr; Sonia I. Rao; Hannah E Atlas; Richard Omore; John B. Ochieng; Milagritos Tapia; Jennifer Cornick; Nigel A. Cunliffe; Loyda Fiorella Zegarra Paredes; Josh Michael Colston; Md Taufiqul Islam; Md Parvej Mosharraf; Farah Naz Qamar; Irum N Fatima; Patricia B. Pavlinac; M. Jahangir Hossain · medRxiv (2026) · DOI: 10.64898/2026.04.17.26351078

Resumen

Abstract Globally, respiratory tract infections (RTI) are the main cause of morbidity, and in Low-middle-income countries (LMICs) RTI including pneumonia are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children <5 years. Diarrheal illness increases RTI risk in young children through micronutrient depletion, and immune stress, yet data on post-diarrhea RTI burden in LMICs are limited. We determined the prevalence and risk factors of RTI within three months following medically-attended diarrhea (MAD) in children aged 6-35 months enrolled in seven EFGH country sites in Asia, Africa and South America. The EFGH study prospectively enrolled children aged 6-35 months with MAD in selected health facilities during a 24-month period from 2022 to 2024 and followed them for three months. RTI was defined as cough or difficulty breathing and the presence of one of the following symptoms at any scheduled or unscheduled visit during follow-up: stridor; fast-breathing; oxygen saturation <90%; or chest indrawing. The period prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of RTI were calculated, and correlates of RTI were assessed using modified-Poisson regression. From June 2022 to August 2024, 9,476 children aged 6-35 months presenting with MAD in the EFGH study sites were screened: 9,116 (96.2%) included in the current study. Nearly half were female (46.7%), and median age was 15 months. Overall, 48.5% received all age-appropriate vaccines, and 87.6% received the pneumococcal vaccine, with significant variation across countries. Nearly one-quarter of children were stunted, 17.2% wasted, and 21.9% underweight. RTI occurred in 3.8% of children during the three-month follow-up, mostly within the first month. Higher prevalence of RTI occurred among children aged 12-23 months (8.7%), those undernourished (16.1%), unvaccinated (4.0%) or living in poor sanitation settings (4.1%). While children who received all age-appropriate or pneumococcal vaccinations had a lower crude prevalence of RTI, these associations were not statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex and study site. RTI was infrequently observed in the three months following MAD presentation, with significant variability by site and with the highest prevalence in Malawi. RTI risk was highest in 12-23-month-olds and among children with undernutrition, and those living in poor sanitation conditions.