Performance, Evaluation, and Optimization of an Open-Source Datalogger for High-Mountain Environmental Monitoring

Lujan J.P.; Alvarado Lugo R.; Davila Roller L.R.; Aguilar-Bueno J.; Torres L.; Iribarren Anacona P. · IEEE Sensors Journal (2026) · DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2026.3662564

Resumen

The limited availability of meteorological data in high-mountain regions has driven the development of technological solutions tailored for environments lacking conventional network coverage. This study presents the design and evaluation of datalogger 'two' or 'II,' an embedded solution aimed at glacierised basins in Peru. This new version improves on the previous designs (datalogger 'I' or 'one' and datalogger 'zero') by applying a continuous improvement methodology based on lessons learned during field deployment. Key upgrades include the integration of INA219 modules for high-precision analog measurement and a DS3231 real-time clock (RTC) with battery backup to ensure time synchronization during power outages. Physical interfaces (terminal blocks and micro-SD slot) were also redesigned to simplify field maintenance and usability. The system was tested in both laboratory tests and real-world validation in the Palcacocha moraine, 4595 m above sea level (m a.s.l.) and the Llaca glacier, 4647 m a.s.l., demonstrating stable operation between -2 °C and 12 °C, with relative humidity between 4% and 100%. A comparative analysis of 26 similar technological developments was performed, classifying their data acquisition systems into three levels: modular, semi-modular, and embedded. The Datalogger II, categorized as an embedded system, stands out by combining the flexibility and low cost of academic designs with the robustness of commercial-grade solutions. Its architecture positions it as a viable platform for hydrometeorological monitoring networks, scientific research in extreme environments, and educational programs that require reliable and scalable instrumentation.