In vitro release of aluminum from the geophagic clay "Chacco" in the Peruvian highlands: Chemical characterization and health risk assessment

Choquenaira-Quispe C.; Yucra Condori H.R.; Villanueva Salas J.A.; Gonzales-Condori E.G. · Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes (2023) · DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2161795

Resumen

In the altiplano zone of Latin America, "Chacco" is one of the clays widely consumed as part of geophagy. The objectives of the study were to chemically characterize "Chacco", determine the zero charge point, evaluate the release of aluminum in vitro, perform the kinetic study and evaluate the health risk. The results by ICP-OES showed that the elements with the highest concentration were Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, Ti and Zn. ATR-FTIR analysis showed the presence of Si-O (693 and 990 cm−1), Al-O (790 cm−1), Al-Al-OH bending vibration (912 cm−1), Si-H bond stretching (2100 to 2500 cm−1) and free -OH groups (3629 cm−1). SEM-EDX results indicate that Al is one of the main constituents of "Chacco" (7.35 wt%). The pHzpc of "Chacco" was 6.83. In the dissolution profiles, the highest Al release occurred at pH 6.8 and in intestinal juice simulated with pseudo-second order dissolution kinetics. The EDIAl and EWIAl were 20.24 and 142.66 respectively, comparing EWIAl with the PTWI established by JECFA (2 mg/kg bw), it is concluded that the weekly intake of "Chacco" represents an appreciable health risk. There are no reports of the carcinogenic factor of Al, so TRAl was not calculated.

Instituciones: Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa; Universidad Tecnológica del Perú; Universidad Católica de Santa María