Functional determinants of fall risk in older adults: Calf circumference and walking speed

Caichihua Marca L.J.; Pizarro Andrade R.N.; Enriquez Canto Y. · Fisioterapia (2026) · DOI: 10.1016/j.ft.2025.10.004

Resumen

Background and objectives Falls represent a growing public health issue amid an ageing population, particularly in countries like Peru, where older adults face multiple risk factors associated with loss of functionality. This study evaluates the factors associated with fall risk in older adults, determining the mediating role of calf circumference and gait speed in the relationship between age and fall risk. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 80 older adults from the Comprehensive Centre for Older Adults in Carabayllo, Lima, Peru. Fall risk was assessed using the Tinetti scale, gait speed was measured with a 4-metre test, and calf circumference was assessed using a tape measure. Descriptive analyses, correlation, multiple linear regression, and mediation analysis were applied to estimate coefficients and their 95% confidence intervals. Results In the linear regression analysis, gait speed (β = -0.42, p < 0.001) and calf circumference (β = -0.381, p < 0.001) were inversely associated with fall risk. Mediation analysis indicated that calf circumference explained 88.3% and gait speed 63.6% of the indirect effect of age on fall risk. Conclusions Age significantly influences fall risk, mediated by functional parameters such as calf circumference and gait speed, highlighting the importance of preventive interventions targeting these modifiable factors.

Instituciones: Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae