Discovering Organisational Leadership Archetypes in Peru’s Circular Water Economy Using Latent Class Analysis
Vera-Zelada P.; Ríos-Villacorta M.A.; Licapa-Redolfo G.S.; Licapa-Redolfo R.; Aranguri-Cayetano D.J.; Castillo-Chung A.R.; Haro-Sarango A.F.; Ramos-Farroñán E.V. · Environments - MDPI (2026) · DOI: 10.3390/environments13020074
Resumen
The research examines organisational leadership styles in the transition to the circular water economy using explanatory quantitative methods, combining semantic normalisation of structured survey responses and latent class analysis. One hundred and fifty organisations from the water sector in Lima, Trujillo, and Cajamarca participated and received a previously validated 30-item Likert-type questionnaire (α = 0.97). The nine analytical domains were developed resources, leadership, culture, technological capabilities, rivalry, suppliers, regulatory framework/support, implementation, and results to discover different organisational configurations. The ideal model identified eight latent classes that are grouped into four organisational archetypes: established leaders, aspirants with regulatory deficits, environment-focused with medium execution, and structural laggards. The findings reveal that circular implementation and results depend more on the articulation between organisational culture, strategic leadership, and regulatory framework than on the availability of technical or financial resources. In addition, great interorganizational heterogeneity was found, which challenged homogeneous public policies and requires differentiated strategies according to the level of circularity in which each organisation finds itself. The research provides empirical evidence to operationalise water transition indicators within the framework of SDG 6 and SDG 12, developing a robust taxonomy to track institutional progress toward water sustainability.
Instituciones: Universidad Nacional de Trujillo; Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo; Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga; Universidad Nacional del Santa; Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Chota; Universidad César Vallejo