Dielectric Evaluation of Geranium Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields with Fractal Antennas from 30 MHz to 710 MHz in the City of Puno - Peru

Cayo-Cabrera G.H.; Chique-Chino D.G.; Tapia-Cayo E.E.; Basurco-Chambilla T.R.; Flores-Chipana G.J. · Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies (2026) · DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-24262-4_48

Resumen

The dielectric permittivity and complex impedance of a geranium leaf involve characterizing its ability to store and dissipate electrical energy under the influence of an electromagnetic field, observing how the molecular composition of the material (water, lipids, proteins) responds to the frequency response. Therefore, the dielectric properties of geranium leaves were analyzed using scattering parameters (S11 and S21), measured with a vector network analyzer via Smith charts, and using fractal sensors based on the Hilbert curve. Measurements without dielectric load showed a predominant capacitive behavior, with values of 0.000155632 µF at 45.05 MHz (S11) that decreased to 9.44638E-05 µF at 702.01 MHz, evidencing the frequency dependence of the impedance. By incorporating the dielectric material, significant changes were observed: with one geranium leaf the capacitance at S21 registered 8.36724E-05 µF at 72.05 MHz, while with two leaves it increased to 0.00012068 µF at 54.05 MHz, demonstrating the sensitivity of the system to variations in the thickness of the biological material. The equivalent circuit obtained corresponds to an RC electrical network model with predominantly capacitive behavior, where the geranium leaf acts as a charged dielectric. The results confirm that the variations in the S parameters are directly related to the dielectric characteristics of the material, showing a clear transition in the energy storage properties as the configuration of the fractal sensors is modified, for the non-invasive characterization of biological materials, with viable applications as potential energy collectors microbes. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.

Instituciones: Universidad Nacional del Altiplano; Universidad Tecnológica del Perú