Determinants of cadmium and lead levels in coffee beans: A regression analysis from the Upper Huallaga Valley, Peru

Rofner N.F.; Ayala N.P.R.; Rojas A.R.; Santos D.F.L. · Environmental Challenges (2025) · DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2025.101244

Resumen

Using multiple linear regression modeling, this study analyzed the relationship of geographic, soil, and agronomic factors in the variations of cadmium and lead content in coffee beans from Hermilio Valdizán, Upper Huallaga Valley in Peru. Soil physicochemical variables, bean morphometric characteristics, and agronomic practices were analyzed in 30 plantations between 600 and 1800 meters above sea level. The results indicate that the samples exceeded the limit for cadmium and lead established by regulatory standards in South America. Altitude did not show a significant effect on cadmium or lead. Among the agronomic factors, genotype and organic agroforestry systems reduced both metals, while longer grain length and higher planting density specifically decreased lead. In contrast, concentrations increased in plantations with high production and ages of more than 6 years for cadmium and 9 years for lead. Among soil properties, higher silt content was associated with lower lead levels, while pH, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium were linked to increased lead concentrations. In contrast, cation exchange capacity has a reducing effect on lead. The study highlights the primary factors contributing to cadmium and lead in coffee, emphasizing the importance of identifying the source of contamination, mitigating health risks, and making coffee safer to consume.

Instituciones: Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva