Design and Testing of a 3-Axis CNC Machine Adaptable to Diferent Tools for Production

Caldas C.; Rodríguez B.; Lara M. · 2025 8th International Conference on Robotics, Control and Automation Engineering, RCAE 2025 (2025) · DOI: 10.1109/rcae66389.2025.11355353

Resumen

Computer numerical control (CNC) machines are essential components in industrial automation, especially in manufacturing. Operated through specialized programming languages, these machines offer levels of efficiency, precision, and consistency that surpass manual labor. The most advanced models used in plants and workshops include milling machines, lathes, routers, and plasma cutters. Currently, most of these machines operate on three axes (X, Y, Z), using gripper-like tools to perform various tasks such as cutting, stamping, molding, and clamping. Generally, the tool is positioned on the Y axis and moved up and down by a mechanical system. More complex models also exist with five or more working axes. CNCs are composed of various components, such as worm gears, belts, servomotors, synchronous system sprockets, aluminum profiles, and smooth tubes. It is essential to understand the methodology required to develop a CNC machine adaptable to different tools or grippers, especially in the Peruvian context. First, a summary of the theoretical framework used will be presented, such as a worm gear, considering power screws as threaded cylinders with a nut that moves in a horizontal or vertical plane. Then, the use of toothed belts will be discussed to prevent slippage between the belt and the pinion, ensuring precise movement between two axes. The selection of Nema stepper motors will be based on their model, torque, and phase current, providing precise control of the angular position, acceleration, and speed of the axis. Additionally, controllers and drivers from other projects will be evaluated, with the goal of assisting future generations of engineers interested in developing CNC machines for academic, professional, or industrial use.

Instituciones: Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas