Classification of Student Profiles Based on Generative AI Dependency and Complex Problem-Solving Capacity: A Machine Learning Approach Using K-Means Clustering
Benites-Rodriguez J.; Salazar-Sandoval F.; Amaro-Guzman C.; Grados-Espinoza A.; Torres-Quiroz A.; Narciso-Gomez K.; Narciso-Huaccho Y.-X. · Proceedings of the LACCEI international Multi-conference for Engineering, Education and Technology (2026) · DOI: 10.18687/laccei2026.1.1.2413
Resumen
The rapid integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) tools, particularly ChatGPT, into higher education has raised concerns about potential cognitive dependency and its impact on students' problem-solving skills. This study aims to classify student profiles based on their dependency on generative AI and their ability to solve complex problems using machine learning clustering techniques. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 847 engineering students from three Latin American universities. The AI Dependency Scale for University Students (EDIAU-15), the Complex Problem-Solving Inventory (IRPC-25), and the ChatGPT Frequency of Use Questionnaire (CFUC) were administered. K-means clustering with Davies-Bouldin optimization identified four distinct student profiles: (1) Critical Autonomists (23.4%, n=198): low AI dependence, high problem-solving ability; (2) Balanced Integrators (31.2%, n=264): moderate AI use, preserved cognitive skills; (3) Dependent Compensators (28.6%, n=242): high dependence on AI, declining problem-solving ability; and (4) Passive Delegators (16.8%, n=143): severe dependence on AI, significantly impaired cognitive functioning. ANOVA revealed significant differences between profiles in academic performance (F=47.82, p< .001), metacognitive awareness (F=38.94, p< .001), and self-efficacy (F=52.17, p< .001). Structural equation modeling confirmed that AI dependence mediates the relationship between ChatGPT usage frequency and problem-solving ability (β=-0.43, p< .001).
Instituciones: Universidad Ricardo Palma; Universidad Nacional del Callao