Can Living Organisms Be Patented? An In-depth Analysis of the Patentability of Living Matter from a Comparative Perspective

Vargas-Chaves I.; Fernández-Altamirano A.E.F.; Inoñán-Mujica Y.; Anacleto-Gómez J.S. · Nuevo Derecho (2026) · DOI: 10.25057/2500672x.1845

Resumen

This study presents the findings of research aimed at analyzing the legal and ethical foundations that prohibit the patentability of living organisms, contrasting international law (WIPO, TRIPS) with the regulations of the Andean Community, the United States, and the European Union. Using a documentary analysis methodology, the study reviewed legislation, case law, and legal scholarship to examine various regulatory models. The results reveal a significant divergence across jurisdictions. While some models, such as the U.S. framework, are more permissive, the Andean Community—through Decision 486—adopts a cautious stance, establishing stringent exclusions to protect biodiversity and prioritize bioethical principles. The primary conclusion is that regulation on this matter is not uniform, reflecting an inherent tension between economic incentives and ethical values. The Andean model stands out for its protectionist approach, serving as a benchmark for the defense of biological heritage in contrast to other legal frameworks that encourage greater private appropriation of life. Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual 4.0 Internacional. Más información: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Instituciones: Universidad Señor de Sipán