Barriers to Female Leadership: A Review of the Literature on the Obstacles to Accessing Leadership Positions

Cornejo G.M.; Sallan J.M.; Coll J. · Intangible Capital (2026) · DOI: 10.3926/ic.3238

Resumen

Purpose: This research aims to conduct a systematic review of the literature on internal and external barriers that limit women’s access to leadership positions in organizations, covering the period 2005-2024. Design/methodology/approach: Forty-two peer-reviewed academic articles from the Web of Science database were analyzed. The PRISMA method was used for the selection of studies, complemented by bibliometric and content analysis. Findings: The results indicate that internal barriers (such as family responsibilities, gender stereotypes, and fear of failure) and external barriers (institutional biases, exclusionary networks, and discrimination) persist, despite the increase in female participation in managerial positions. Additionally, new barriers aligned with contemporary challenges are emerging, notably the so-called “glass cliffs,” representing the trend of appointing women to leadership roles in organizations in crisis, thus increasing the risk of unsuccessful outcomes. Practical implications: Recognizing these barriers enables the design of intervention strategies such as inclusive policies, mentorship programs, early training, and reforms in recruitment and promotion practices. Social implications: Raising awareness and promoting understanding among the general population, and especially within the business community, about the challenge’s women may face in advancing and consolidating themselves in an increasingly competitive and complex world. Originality/value: This literature review provides an update on the internal and external obstacles women face in accessing leadership positions. It also offers insight into the possible evolution of these barriers and the emerging metaphors related to the topic. © (2026), (OmniaScience). All rights reserved.

Instituciones: Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas