Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion (ABEP) to extend spacecraft lifespan in Very-Low Earth Orbits (VLEOs)

Huaman J.H.R.; Alania L.J.V.; Lagos E.H.S.F.; Aique J.G.P.; Since A.A.Q.; Duran-Aquino R.C. · Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress, IAC (2025) · DOI: 10.52202/083090-0127

Resumen

In the evolving field of space exploration, the sustainability of spacecraft operating in very-low Earth orbits (VLEOs) presents a significant challenge due to atmospheric drag. Traditional propulsion methods are becoming less viable for long-term missions in these orbits. This paper proposes a propulsion system based on the concept of atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion (ABEP), but incorporating a novel variable-geometry intake design coupled with an inductive plasma thruster (IPT). Unlike fixed-geometry intakes, which lose efficiency when atmospheric conditions change, the proposed design adapts its configuration in real time, optimizing the capture and compression of residual particles at different altitudes. MATLAB simulations demonstrate that this architecture enables stable orbits in ranges where conventional designs cease to be functional, confirming that intake adaptability is a key factor in sustaining ABEP operability. These results highlight that an adaptive intake not only provides greater flexibility and resilience against atmospheric density variations caused by solar or orbital activity but also contributes to extending mission lifetimes, reducing stored propellant consumption, and enabling sustainable operations in VLEOs. This adaptive capability opens new opportunities for both scientific and commercial missions at very low altitudes, laying the foundation for more robust and durable future ABEP technologies. Copyright

Instituciones: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería