Association between smoking and anemia in adult women in Peru: analysis of a national survey (ENDES) 2023

Torrejon-Echaccaya K.I.; Mathews-Haro N.J.; Rodriguez-Simbron D.; Soriano-Moreno D.R. · BMC Public Health (2025) · DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-23976-7

Resumen

Background: Anemia is a major public health issue that disproportionately affects women of reproductive age. While tobacco use may influence hemoglobin levels through physiological mechanisms, its association with anemia remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between smoking and anemia in adult women in Peru using nationally representative data. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on secondary data from a national survey (ENDES 2023). Women aged 18 to 49 years with complete information on the variables of interest were included. The independent variable was smoking, and the dependent variable was the anemia status. To evaluate the association between variables, Poisson regression with robust variance was used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR). Results: A total of 13 036 women with a mean age of 33.0 years were analyzed. No significant association was found between cigarette smoking in the last 12 months (aPR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.24), smoking in the last 30 days (aPR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.66 to 1.22), or daily smoking (aPR: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.14) and the prevalence of anemia. On the other hand, a higher prevalence of anemia was observed in women aged 30 to 49 years. While the factors associated with a lower prevalence of anemia were black ethnicity, overweight, obesity, and living in small cities. Conclusion: No significant association was found between smoking and the presence of anemia in Peruvian adult women. However, factors such as age, nutritional status and ethnicity were associated with the prevalence of anemia. © The Author(s) 2025.

Instituciones: Universidad Peruana Unión