Antimicrobial potential of medicinal plants for urinary tract infections: an alternative to synthetic antibiotics

Takahashi-Ferrer C.M.; Poemape-Lira J.E. · Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar (2025)

Resumen

Introduction: The rise in bacterial resistance to synthetic antimicrobials has driven research into the therapeutic potential of phytocompounds for managing urinary tract infections (UTIs). Current scientific evidence demonstrates that secondary metabolites from plant species exhibit selective antimicrobial activity, positioning them as pharmacological alternatives with mechanisms of action distinct from conventional antibiotics. Objective: To describe the antimicrobial potential of medicinal plant extracts against common uropathogens, with the aim of proposing therapeutic alternatives to synthetic antibiotics for UTIs. Development: A narrative literature review of recent scientific publications (2019–2024) was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO. The review focused on evaluating the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants against key Gram-negative uropathogens (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive pathogens (Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis). Experimental studies; reporting efficacy parameters (MIC/MBC), mechanisms of action, and phytochemical composition were analyzed to identify promising plant species as therapeutic alternatives for UTIs. Results: The review revealed that diverse plant extracts exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against major uropathogens, with MIC values ranging from 32–256 µg/mL for resistant strains. The most effective compounds belonged to phytochemical groups such as alkaloids and polyphenols, which demonstrated mechanisms of action including biofilm inhibition and bacterial membrane disruption. However, fewer than 20% of the studies assessed safety parameters or synergistic effects with conventional antimicrobials. Conclusions: Plant extracts represent a promising therapeutic alternative against resistant uropathogens, though further preclinical studies are needed to validate their clinical safety and efficacy.

Instituciones: Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener; Universidad César Vallejo